Thursday, October 31, 2019

Use and Abuse of Power in Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Use and Abuse of Power in Management - Essay Example It is necessary for both the mangers as well as the non managers to study organization because organizations are vital mechanisms and helps in achieving the goals in modern society. Therefore, the aim of the essay is important to be able to distinguish between the use of power management and its abuses. Thus in order to achieve the required aim, the essay would highlight the theories in literature review and provide an example in order to relate the theories with practical examples. Thus the essay starts off with an introduction on the use and abuse of power in the management, followed by a literature review, quoting the theories necessary for the topic. The next part of the essay would put light on practical examples of organizations with relation to use and abuse of power and finally the essay ends with a conclusion and recommendation for the managers stating how a manger should distinguish between use and abuse of power in management and work accordingly providing an effective result for the organization. It has been founded that there arise a thin level of difference between the use and abuse of power and the managers are familiar with the danger of uncoupling power with politics from an ethical point of view. Managers are concerned about how can the negative aspect of power be managed. Therefore the answer to this query lies in generating an understanding of the relationship between power, the ability to influence and the political process (Butcher & Clarke , 2008, p.19). Power is defined as the ability to marshal resources in order to get something done. The use of power and authority in organizations are crucial, but a manger needs to plans, manage, organize coordinate and control the various activities of an organization. And this makes one of the reasons as to why managers want to get promoted to a higher position so that they can utilize the power. Thus an organization can be seen as political system where the use and abuse of power plays a significant role in the functioning of the organization (Dzimbiri, 2009, p.33). Theoretical Background Introduction Leaders implement the task and roles with the help of power that they possess. It has been suggested that a leader should always stay away from blaming, coercive and bullying style of leadership. A manger can support innovations and the ongoing activities of the organization are many different ways. In a hierarchical organization, the locus of power is fixed and clear but in a fla tter structure power is more fluid and is constantly being negotiated. According to Adair, the authority in the organization is usually derived from position, knowledge and personality. Kotler suggested that the first and foremost thing which is important in leadership is to understand the types of power and the methods used to influence the people, to utilize different types of power as per the need and seek out the appropriate leadership role, to create more power and utilize them and finally to temper the use of power with maturity and self control and recognizing the impact of use and abuse of power on others (Morrison, 1998, p.214). It has been found out by the authorities that effective use of power is the most important element of management. Some of the leaders have proved themselves to be highly influential leaders and powerful. These leaders were powerful because of the fact that they were able to build a strong

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Americas New Economy Essay Example for Free

Americas New Economy Essay As the 1900s gave way to the new millennium, it became increasingly clear that a new era in American (and world) history had begun. The old era had been dominated by the Cold War struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. The new era was defined by the rise of a new global economythe ways in which the worlds peoples lived, worked, and governed themselves. Global communication, trade, and capital flow all grew rapidly (Griffith, Baker 531). The United States rose to being the most powerful military supremacy nation in the world due to Reagan and Bushs destruction of the Cold War, bridging the 80s into the new 90s. George Bushs CIA and ambassadorial experience provided Americas key to our foreign policy negotiations, aiding in our nations leadership over the world. This defeat and new era caused our domestic and social society within America into a state of confusion and caused Americans to question what role they would play in this new society. Not only did the Cold War define Americas stance in the world, dictating foreign policy choices from southeast Asia to Latin America; it defined the contours of domestic politics as well, (Chafe 549). How can we believe now after September 11, that we still or always have had leadership or supremacy in this world? How could the heart of our country be damaged so much affecting our nation as a whole? This recent tragedy damaged the core of our patriotism changing foreign and domestic policy after the 90s. During the 90s, a time of new cultural expression and power, the US was willing to use any economic, political, or military force necessary to uphold the new global system. After the Reagan legacy, President Bill Clinton created the New Democrats, which, sought to replace the partys older industrial and agricultural bases with a new, if unwieldy, coalition of women, minorities, social liberals, and technological progressives, (Griffith/Baker 533). In looking at Chapter 14 in Griffith/Bakers Major Problems in American History Since 1945 and Chapter 16 and the Epilogue in Chafes The Unfinished Journey, we will consider the new goals and values of both the USs domestic and foreign policies, and find that although positive changes have taken place since 1945, the US still is yet to live in a society free of homelessness, poverty, and crime reflected by the tenacious power of race, class, and gender blocking the path toward  independent freedom. Throughout American history, the issue of freedom has always prevailed and equality of everyone wasnt brought up until the early to mid 1900s. The peoples dependence and underlying trust within the government to withhold and protect has put our society on a roller coaster of trust, distrust, and betrayal. the Nixon presidency and his foreign policy breakthroughs with China and Russia had barely taken hold before the devastating constitutional crisis of Watergate occurred, threatening to undermine the very structure of the American political system and peoples confidence in it. Followed quickly by the nations first defeat in war (Chafe 497). Busch had decided not to respond to much of the conflicts happening with Gorbachev, because if he had, it could have created greater instability, more violence, and a stronger likelihood of counter democratic action, such as the Soviet Union. Busch in causing the two-superpower leaders to arrive at a new arms control treaty that promised the reduction of nuclear weapons arsenals of the world. Buschs only major error was quickly recovered by quickly becoming Yaltsins allies, beginning a new coalition where both world powers would enforce world peace. After Desert Storm, the US entered a prolonged recession causing confusion amongst Americans because Busch didnt care about domestic policies. Because of Buschs carelessness of domestic policies, it reflected upon the public not caring about domestic policies nor within the government. The new young light in America was created by the new elections. Clinton bringing a new young light to society during the election of 1992 believed that through the idealism during the sixties were those which should be reflected upon now during the 90s. Clintons ideas were: investing to create new jobs, supporting new technology, rebuilding the nations infrastructure, and creating a new partnership between management and labor to increase American productivity and competitiveness in world markets. The major political campaigns were advancing with technological advances with campaigns  portrayed through the amazing new power of talk-show journalism. Ross Perots ideals, opposite of Clintons, were expressed through talk-show journalism shaping political dialogue and activity. Many talk show hosts provided a direct outlet for politicians to reach the Americans at home through television. The political wars went on and with Clinton winning the democratic election. This allowed Americans to dig themselves out of their deepest problems by re-imagining themselves and fulfilling their dreams. Clinton was faced with issues similar to Franklin Roosevelt, in the midst of the Great Depression, they were in many ways far more complicated and intractable, calling upon the same breadth and depth of leadership skills that FDR had deployed in the 1930s, (Chafe 512). As one magazine wrote, what excites people about Clinton, is precisely the degree to which he speaks to their hunger for meaning and purpose, their half conscious and often inchoate desire to transcend the selfishness and meaningless of materialistic and narcissistic society,' (Chafe 511). Clintons gay policy in the war, dont ask, dont tell, were looked at as actions profoundly alienating liberals and gays. His next policy, national Healthcare, failed to the Republicans criticizing and ultimately causing his policy to disintegrate. This was Clintons down and thought it was over until the American society regained confidence with him when he passed a bill which caused restrictions on free access to handguns and assault weapons. He also created the Americorps, a young group of people volunteering to work among Americas disadvantaged populations. Finally touching up on domestic policies, the American society gained faith in him. The 1994 elections were different and Clinton was on his way to coming back. He wanted to represent a Democratic smaller government. Richard Norris guiding Clinton, made him invulnerable to the issues of high taxes, crime, welfare, federal budget, and affirmative action which Republicans could use against him. Clinton defined positions that would seem reasonable to the middle-class voters and also portray the Republicans as radicals seeking to overturn 60 years of progress and advance his own agenda on issues that cut in his direction such as education, the environment, and womens rights. Clinton proved to the public that the Republicans mainly Dole was a threat  to the middle class stability, and eventually won the election exclaiming, the era of big government is over. The voters decision was for a divided government,  not for one party over another. Only by ensuring that one party could balance and counter the other, they seemed to be saying, could the nation be protected from moving too far either toward liberalism and big government on the one hand, or toward conservatism and the end of entitlements on the other, (Chafe 527). Americans wanted politicians to proceed down a middle path, not straying to either side too far. Although race had been dealt with by the government, it still defined power, control, status, economic opportunity, and freedom. This issue has improved dramatically, but race has always been the central theme to American history. It has been so much misconstrued, that the issue of racial discrimination had disappeared as a matter of public concern, convinced that there was no longer a reason to think of blacks and whites as having different life chances(Chafe 528). Los Angeles embodied most of the multiracial demographic complexity which is where many blacks were suppressed although given still given supposed equal rights opportunities. One example being the AIDS virus. Treatment was available to the suppressed society, but werent able to afford the medication. The Rodney King incident was appalling and the only way to describe the verdict was what Chafe wrote, It was as though the jury had taken a hallucinogenic drug that altered totally what others saw as reality and the drug was race, (Chafe 529). The police officers caught on tape for the beating got off because of whites ruling the jury. O.J. being convicted of murder and having a black jury was pleaded not guilty. Benjamin Barber brings up a point of political futures neither being democratic. the forces of Jihad and the forces of McWorld operate with equal strength in opposite directions, the one driven by parochial hatreds, the other by universalizing markets, the one re-creating ancient subnational and ethnic  borders from within, the other making national borders porous from without. They have one thing in common: neither offers much hope to citizens looking for practical ways to govern themselves democratically, (Griffith/Baker 542). September 11 brought forth something America had never faced before, an attack on our home ground. Since this attack the society has been more conservative, realizing that America is not this leadership nation that watches over the world, but is just as suseptable to attack as anyone else is. This attack has brought all families closer and brought out American patriotism from within. The attack has put American flags on Football players helmets as well as all sports jerseys. What are we supposed to believe from the media, articles saying that information being portrayed to us is false and defying. Although we have gone through a roller coaster of events both ups and downs, America has always recovered and adapted to the changes in front of us. The Progressive Policy Institute believes that the latter is true and that the challenge now is to learn how to manage and govern in an era of sustained and constant innovation and adaptation, (Griffith/Baker 536). The 90s was a major turning point in America being the end of the old millenium and the start of a new one, allowing us to look at what is needed to be done both in domestic and foreign policy for this world and our society to go on. the 1990s embodied a summing-up of what had occurred in the preceding decades, as if the country were searching to find some way through the maelstrom of conflicting currents to a final sense of direction that might represent a new consensus on how to proceed, (Chafe 498).

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Vibrio Cholerae Cytolysin (VCC) Membrane Pore Formation

Vibrio Cholerae Cytolysin (VCC) Membrane Pore Formation Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC) is a potent membrane pore forming protein toxin secreted by many pathogenic strain of the V.cholerae. In its membrane pore-formation mode of action, VCC belongs to the family of the ÃŽ ² barrel pore-forming toxin (ÃŽ ²-PFTs) proteins. VCC is secreted by the pathogenic bacteria V.cholerae in the form of water-soluble, monomeric, inactive precursor form of the protein, known as Pro-VCC. Proteolytic deletion of the N-terminal Pro-domain from this inactive precursor molecule generates the active, mature form of the VCC toxin. VCC induces colloid-osmotic lysis of the target eukaryotic by generating the transmembrane heptameric ÃŽ ² barrel channels/pores. The high-resolution molecular structural information is available for the water-soluble monomeric Pro-VCC form as well as for the transmembrane heptameric pore structure of the VCC. Structural analysis of the water-soluble monomeric form and the transmembrane structure suggest that the VCC follows the overa ll pattern of the archetypical ÃŽ ²-PFTs mechanism of pore-formation. However, the distinct intermediate steps leading the generation of the funcational membrane pore formation by VCC have only been characterized to a limited extent. Consistent with the generalized ÃŽ ²-PFTs mode of action, the membrane pore formation mechanism of the VCC is recommended to follow three different steps: interaction of the VCC monomeric unit towards the target cell membrane; formation of the metastable, transient prepore oligomeric intermediates on the cell membrane; and finally conversion of the prepore oligomeric assembly into the functional transmembrane oligomeric b barrel channels. Previous research work on the members of ÃŽ ²-PFTs including VCC suggest that the generation of the functional transmembrane oligomeric pore structure comprises the membrane insertion of the pore-forming stem region from each of the toxin protomer towards formation of the transmembrane ÃŽ ² barrel portions of the toxin. However, it has not been examine experimentally, in particular in the case of VCC toxin, whether the membrane insertion of the stem region could occur in the membrane-associate monomeric state of the toxin before the prepore oligomer generation or whether the prepore oligomer generation precedes the membrane insertion of the stem region of the VCC toxin. Even in the case of generalized ÃŽ ²-PFTs membrane pore-formation mechanism, such sequence of pore formation events has not been established precisely. Previous studies demonstrated that the engineered ÃŽ ²-PFTs (for example, VCC and staphylococcal LukF) not able to inserting their pore-forming stem region into the membrane lipid bilayer of the target cell membrane. Such protein variants, having their stem loop in a closed structure through the engineered disulfide linkage, are remaining trapped in their nonfunctional prepore oligomeric state. However form this observation it not clear whether the membrane oligomreization is absolutely necessary to trigger the membrane insertion or whether membrane insertion could be initiated before the prepore generation. Such perception can only be investigate by trapping the b-PFTs toxin molecule in its membrane-bound monom eric form without allowing the generation of the transmembrane oligomeric structures. In this order, a direct correlation between the membrane oligomerization and the membrane insertion has been demonstrated in Staphylococcal à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ toxin, an archetypical member of the ÃŽ ²-PFTs family. Staphylococcal à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ toxin containing a single point mutation has been shown to displayed defective membrane oligomerization of the membrane-bound protein and blocking the membrane insertion of the pore-forming stem loop of the toxin. This investigation suggests that, in case of Staphylococcal à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ toxin, the membrane insertion event of the toxin depend critically on the prior membrane oligomrization step of the toxin. A similar pore-forming mechanism has been reported in the case of perfringolysin O, a prominent member of the subclass of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) under ÃŽ ²-PFTs family. Interestingly, streptolysin O, another prominent member in the cholesterol-de pendent cytolysin type ÃŽ ²-PFTs, follows a different mechanism of membrane pore formation that may have involve distinct sequence of events. In the membrane pore formation mechanism of streptolysin O, it has been proposed that the progressive assembly of the membrane-inserted monomeric unit of the toxin may act towards the formation of the transmembrane oligomeric pore structures of different pore sizes. A similar membrane oligomeric assembly has also been reported on another cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) class of ÃŽ ²-PFTs, pneumolysin. Thus, it emerge that the ÃŽ ²-PFTs member may not necessarily follow a common generalized procedure for the membrane pore formation mechanism of the toxin. It is, therefore, important to examine the sequence of the membrane oligomreization and insertion events for each particular member of the ÃŽ ²-PFTs family to elucidate the molecular mechanistic details of their membrane pore-formation action of the toxin. Many previous studies explored the molecular mechanism(s) of the membrane oligomerization process involved with the membrane pore formation action of the member of the ÃŽ ²-PFTs family including VCC. It is generally proposed that the association of the ÃŽ ²-PFTs protein monomer with the membrane component of the target host cells work as the triggering step to initiate the following events resulting towards membrane olgiomerization, membrane insertion, and functional transmembrane ÃŽ ² barrel pore formation. In particular, lipid components of the membrane like cholesterol have been extensively involved in the regulating of membrane pore formation process. In the mode of action of VCC, the presence of cholesterol in the target membrane lipid bilayer has been reported to be an imperative requirement for the efficient oligomerization and functional membrane pore formation by the protein. Cholesterol appears to regulate the membrane pore-formation of the toxin by physically binding with the protein molecule and not by modulating the physicochemical environment of the target host cell membrane. The molecular mechanism of the membrane oligomerization in VCC has been explored only to a limited extent. In particular, the membrane interaction mechanism of the monomeric units of the VCC toxin, which probably acting to regulate the membrane oligomerization process of the VCC toxin, has not been explored so far. Structure analysis of the VCC oligomeric highlights the major interprotomer interactions between the neighboring monomer units. The most significant interactions are observed between the amino acid residues within the membrane pore forming stem loop of the toxin. More importantly, blocking the stem loop in its prestem configuration has been to abrogate the functional transmembrane oligomeric pore formation (SDS-stable oligomeric assembly) without any effect on the generation of the prepore oligomeric species (SDS-labile oligomers). It has been reported that, even i n the physically absence of the stem loop, a truncated variant of VCC can generate prepore oligomeric assembly on the membrane. These observations precisely suggest that the interprotomer interactions involved in formation of the functional transmembrane oligomeric pore assembly without playing any critical role in initiating the membrane oligomerization event of the membrane-bound protein molecules. Therefore, it appears that the additional molecular interaction between the monomer of the toxin might be playing the significant role in inducing the functional membrane oligomerization of the VCC toxin. In this part of study, to explore the details of the molecular mechanism of the membrane oligomerization process of the VCC toxin, we have mapped the key amino acid residue in the VCC molecular structure that are crucial to trigger the membrane oligomerization of the membrane-associate monomeric toxin molecules. Mutation of such key amino acid residues abrogates the membrane oligomerization step, trap the toxin in its membrane-bound monomeric state, and does not allow membrane insertion of the pore-forming stem loop form the VCC monomers. Our study, dissect the membrane interaction step from the following membrane oligomerization and insertion steps of VCC as a prototype in the b-PFTs family, This study also conclusively established that the membrane insertion critically required the functional oligomerization of the membrane-associate VCC toxin monomers on the target cell membrane.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Lao-tzu: The Moderation Of Rule Essay -- essays research papers

Ruling a country effectively is executed through a variety of methods. Lao-Tzu, a follower of Taoism, expresses his belief on the most efficient way to govern. "The more prohibitions you have, the less virtuous people will be. The more weapons you have, the less secure people will be. The more subsidies you have, the less self-reliant people will be" (25). This quote from Lao-Tzu can be interpreted many different ways. The author discusses what he feels the role of a leader should be, the restrictions and the privileges that should be given to the people. There are various views on this particular passage even among Americans. Lao-Tzu feels that taking action in order to make people feel safer and ensure their well being will actually be detrimental; although I agree with Lao-Tzu's tactics, most Americans hold differentiating views.The more restrictions you place on a people, the less moral the people will be. Americans encounter this on a daily basis. American society was founded upon and is enraptured by rebellion. The early American colonists revolted against the English government. The more laws and restrictions the King would place on them the more they would rebel and fight. When the American people feel oppressed by any law or prohibition set forth by the government the people will challenge it in an effort to change it. America is one of the only countries where its people actually believe they can make a difference and change what they feel is not righ...

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Business Essay

Many companies, especially SMEs, have a management that leaves much to say in its management, neglecting many aspects that cannot be ignored again before the commitment to ensuring a productive performance, which may lead to the expected results obtained and properly established in its objectives and mission. When you venture into them is detected organizational misbehaviour manifested in a climate that leaves a lot to say and where the internal working environment is polluted with many flaws that affect damage. Hence, the need to go into assessing what the reality of the work environment, how it works, its impact and that is being done. Management must always be vigilant in ensuring good organizational behaviour, a climate that is favourable and security to the company under its charge of its operation, achievements, successful participation in the markets in which it operates. Thus, one cannot neglect how he handles the internal working environment, be aware of the proper use of their resources, how the technology is used, the operation of production systems, quality management, performance manuals, discipline and commitment to work, ergonomics, leadership, communication to name a few aspects. Types of Organisational Misbehaviour About this reality that is much in companies in the country, in industries, where many companies have neither guarantee a good working environment, significantly affecting its functionality, operability, and forces neglected to tend to avoid negative effects. Comment, no doubt, that this situation creates a lot of stress and anxiety, and it affects not only professionally but also in other areas of our life. The ideal thing is to change as soon as possible to run out of that kind of environment. Although there are times when you prefer to lose hold that simply do not work because we can afford it (but please, get out when you can, do not have to spend at least eight hours a day as well!). If that is the case here and you really cannot leave work, and then at least try to make it more bearable. Here are some things you can do: 1. Stay away from negative people who is always complaining or criticizing, you’re calmer. Of course there are times you cannot, but try your best because these people are typical emotional vampires that leave you exhausted. 2. Creating a custom workstation and relaxing (with photos, flowers, etc). So you will feel at ease at least in that space. You can also listen to music or isolate a bit with headphones. 3. Doing good work. I’ve said before when you work thoroughly and do things the best you can feel very good. 4. Keeping busy. If we do our job we will, because if dissatisfaction joins apathy, boredom and apathy, not get very far. 5. Think if anything you can do to improve the situation. Lest we’re complaining and basically can do something about it. Maybe if we strive to meet our fellow some would be more relaxed atmosphere and friendly, for example. So if there is no solution at least make it bearable and acceptable as possible. What do you think? Conclusion It is up to everyone to watch in all matters in which we interact, determine how this affects our character, behaviour and not let anything affect us, we are able to make the right decisions to avoid being caught us in anything we atmospheres benefit, we simply do not allow the search for solutions and that suits us.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

An Urge to Teach Men Chivalry Essay Example

An Urge to Teach Men Chivalry Essay Example An Urge to Teach Men Chivalry Essay An Urge to Teach Men Chivalry Essay An urge to teach men chivalry Today, we are living in an extra-modernized era totally engulfed by the western culture, seems like we are preety much advanced in the race and now can we be called a cool nation. Then why are our general mass, both young and old, still such uncouth and uncivilized to harass women of our country? Why do women still need to face abuses and barbarous attitude from men of our country? Why? Few days back, I was taking a stroll to a friend’s house and I had to hear few offensive comments passed by some guys at the road. Enraged and exasperated, I stormed into my friend’s place.I was wondering why men today don’t bother to show the respect which women deserve. I was actually having a brainstorm in my head out of extreme fury, that is when my friend’s mom came up to me and asked me what had happened. After hearing the incident from me, to my utter surprise, she told me it was petty enough to react to such things because she believes it is quite natural to happen with girls since we are girls. As if, it is a crime to be born as a girl and since you are a girl, you cannot help facing the criticism from the society every now and then. And sad but true, it is a matter of regret that most of us oday, tend to believe such unfair theories. I cannot stand it when women face discrimination and are treated as inferior to men. Women are not just mere objects of sex, but they are equally capabale of making a mark side by side with men. Men and women are not competitive, rather complementary to each other. And ergo, my intention to write this article is not that I want it to be regarded as a tour-de-force view, but to draw the attention of today’s men to chivalry. What I really want is to get rid of this present pathetic society of male chauvinism and make this earth a healthy place worthy of living! Karishma Mahfuz.